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如何正確使用鉆桿大鉗
一、鉆桿大鉗的使用與維護
Use and maintenance of pipe tongs
1. For safety, lead and backup tongs should be provided with snub lines of sufficient size and length.
為了安全，內(nèi)外大鉗都要裝配夠粗、夠長的鉗尾繩。
2. Tongs should be provided with sharp dies at all times and properly pinned in slots. Die drivers should be used to remove tong dies. Proper personal protective equipment should be worn when changing tong dies.
任何時候，大鉗牙床上都要裝鋒利的鉗牙和匹配的保險銷。要用鉗牙裝卸器卸鉗牙。換鉗牙時，操作人員應(yīng)當穿戴適當防護用品。
3. Tong die slots should be properly maintained.
要適當保養(yǎng)大鉗牙床。
4. All pins used to secure the chain or jaws should be kept in place with safety pins or cotter pins.
固定鏈子或鉗頭的所有銷子都應(yīng)當裝到位，并穿上安全銷或開口銷。
5. Makeshift weights such as tools, pipe protectors, bits, etc. should not be added to the counterbalance weights.
工具、護絲和鉆頭等，都不能用來增加大鉗平衡鉈的重量。
6. The rotary table should not be used for final making up or initial breaking out of a pipe connection. The correct method is: Two tongs should be used during makeup and breakout.
絲扣上到位，不能用轉(zhuǎn)盤緊扣，卸扣時不能用轉(zhuǎn)盤繃扣。正確的方法是：上卸扣都應(yīng)當用雙大鉗。
7. Lead and backup tong-men should not stand between the two pipe tongs while the driller is making up or breaking out pipe or collars.
當司鉆正在上卸鉆桿和鉆鋌時，內(nèi)外鉗工不要站在兩個大鉗之間。
8. When the pull force is needed more to break a tight joint, all floor men should move away from the rotary table and out of the path of the tongs before torque is applied.
在卸比較緊的絲扣時，大鉗的拉力會很大。在給大鉗施加拉力之前，所有的鉆工都要離開轉(zhuǎn)盤和大鉗轉(zhuǎn)動涉及的危險區(qū)。
9. Hydraulic tong should be operated by designated personnel.
液壓大鉗要由指定的人來操作。
10. Tong counterbalance and parts thereof should be restrained, guarded, or located so as to prevent them from falling on or striking crew members.
大鉗平衡鉈及其附件應(yīng)當沿軌道上下移動，并裝護罩以防傷人。
11. The rig tongs must be kept clean at all times and kept well lubricated.
任何時候鉆具大鉗都應(yīng)該保持干凈和良好的保養(yǎng)。
12. The rig tong counter-balance line must be inspected at a regular interval.
必須定期檢查大鉗平衡鉈的吊繩。
13. Rig tong counter-balance should be kept at a weight where one man can move rig tong up and down with minimal.
大鉗平衡鉈的重量應(yīng)當是一個人毫不費力的就能上下移動大鉗。
14. The rig tong arms should be kept in level at all times.
任何時候大鉗柄都要保持水平。
15. The rig tongs hinge pin, latch lock and springs must be inspected at regular intervals and changed out if excessive wear is encountered.
必須定期檢查大鉗的折頁銷子，扣合頭和彈簧，如果出現(xiàn)磨損超標，就更換。
16. When changing out tong dies, the tongs must be tied back well away from the rotary table and secured.
更換鉗牙時，必須遠離轉(zhuǎn)盤把大鉗綁好。
17. While removing tong die retaining equipment, (bolts or pins), for safety reasons, except for the person striking the die driver, all personnel should keep a safe distance in case of the tong die splinters.
在卸鉗牙的固定部件（栓或銷釘）時，為了安全，除了卸鉗牙的人之外，其他的人都要保持一個安全的距離，以防濺出鉗牙毛刺。
18. While removing the tong die with a tong die driver. It is better to hold the die driver with a pair of pliers for striking with the hammer.
用鉗牙銃子往下卸鉗牙時，最好用一把手鉗子把銃子夾住，以便錘擊。
二、用鉆桿大鉗上扣與卸扣
Make-up and break-out procedures using Rig tongs
A、Operational requirement操作要求
1. The driller must ensure that the floor men stand outside the area of the tongs before pulling tight on the tongs, if an abnormal amount of torque must be applied during make up or break out.
上扣或卸扣時，如果必須加很大的扭矩，司鉆在拉緊大鉗之前，必須讓鉆工們站到大鉗之外。
2. Snub lines for the rig tongs must be inspected at regular intervals and be in good working condition.
必須定期檢查大鉗尾繩，使其處于良好的備用狀態(tài)。
3. Hanging lines for the rig tongs must be inspected at regular intervals and be in good working condition.
必須定期檢查大鉗懸吊繩，使其處于良好的備用狀態(tài)。
4. The floormen must be instructed on proper placement of hands while operating the rig tongs.
操作大鉗時，必須告訴鉆工把手放到適當?shù)奈恢谩?/p>
5. Two sets of rig tongs of the proper size must be used to break out or make up connections.
上扣或卸扣時，必須用兩把適當尺寸的大鉗。
6. The floor men must lubricate rig tongs before and after each trip.
每次起下鉆前后，鉆工們必須保養(yǎng)大鉗。
7. Rig tongs must be kept clean to ensure proper operation.
大鉗必須保持干凈，確保使用方便。
8. Rig tong dies must be kept clean and inspected regularly and must be replaced if worn or damaged. The tong dies must be secured with safety pins. 大鉗牙必須保持干凈，并經(jīng)常檢查。如果有磨損或損傷，必須更換。必須使用安全銷把鉗牙固定好。
9. Rig tong line pulley and counterbalances must be inspected at regular intervals.
必須定期檢查大鉗吊繩的滑輪和平衡鉈。
10. Rig tong safety pins and hinges must be inspected regularly for wear and replaced as quickly as possible if any wear is observed.
要經(jīng)常檢查大鉗的安全銷和折頁銷是否有磨損，如發(fā)現(xiàn)磨損，要盡快更換。
11. Rig tong pins, shackle pins and bolts must be secured with the proper size of split pins.
大鉗銷子，尾繩銷子和螺栓都必須用適當尺寸的開口銷加以固定。
B、Breaking out connections with the rig tongs. 用大鉗卸扣
1. The floormen remove the safe latch spring and the tong pins and change the tong jaws to match the size of the pipe or tubular to be broken out.
鉆工們卸掉安全扣合彈簧和大鉗銷子。換上與要卸扣的鉆具或管具相匹配的鉗頭。
2. The driller ensures that the safety latch springs are replaced on the tong pins.
司鉆確認換到大鉗上的安全扣合彈簧。
3. The floor men set slips, or where applicable, the driller sets the automatic slips.
鉆工們把卡瓦坐上，或者是司鉆把自動卡瓦坐上。
4. The floormen engage the rig tongs on the drill pipe or tubular tool joint. The break-out tong is placed on the top tool joint and the make-up tong is placed on the bottom tool joint.
鉆工們把大鉗打在鉆桿或管具的接頭上，內(nèi)鉗打在上邊的接頭上，外鉗打在下邊的接頭上。
5. Special attention must be paid to ensure the rig tongs are not placed on the hard banding of the tool joint.
要特別注意，不能把鉗子打在接頭的耐磨帶上。
6. The floormen make the rig tongs bite the pipe by pulling on the tong jaw and pushing on the tong arm. The floormen must properly place their hands on the rig tongs to prevent injury.
鉆工們拉鉗子頭，推鉗子把（柄），使大鉗咬住鉆桿。鉆工們要把手放在大鉗的適當部位，以防受傷。
7. The driller engages the break out cathead and pulls on the break-out tong. This will cause the break-out to bite on the upper tool joint. At the same time, the make-up tong bites on the bottom tool joint. The connection is then broken.
司鉆啟動卸扣錨頭，拉緊內(nèi)鉗，使內(nèi)鉗咬住上邊的接頭，同時，外鉗咬住下邊的接頭，這樣扣就被卸開了。
8. The driller should ensure that the cathead line is at right angle (90 degrees) to the tong arm. The driller must note the breakout torque and mark the joints for further inspection if the breakout torque is not equal to or less than 10% of the make-up torque.
司鉆應(yīng)當確保鉗尾繩與鉗柄成90度夾角，司鉆必須注意卸扣扭矩，如果卸扣扭矩不等于或小于上扣扭矩百分之十，必須給該接頭做上記號，以便進一步檢查。
9. The floormen spin out the connection using the air spinner, or if applicable, the driller utilizes the top drive to spin out the connection.
鉆工們用氣動旋扣器把扣卸開，或者是司鉆用頂驅(qū)把扣卸開。
10. The floormen apply proper pipe dope into the thread box of the pipe joint.
鉆工們在鉆桿母扣上涂上適當?shù)慕z扣油。
11. The floormen remove the rig tongs and tie them back safety out of the way. 鉆工們把大鉗拉到安全的位置綁好。
C、Making up connections with the rig tongs. 用大鉗上扣。
1. The floormen remove the safety latch spring and the tong pins and change the tong jaws to match the size of the pipe or tubular to be made up.
鉆工們卸掉安全扣合彈簧和大鉗銷子，換上與要上扣的鉆具或管具相匹配的鉗頭。
2. The driller ensures that the safety latch springs are replaced on the tong pins.
司鉆確認換到大鉗上的安全扣合彈簧。
3. The floormen set the slips and driller picks up a joint or a stand of drill pipe.
鉆工們把卡瓦坐上，司鉆提起一個單根或是一個鉆桿立柱。
4. The pipe dope should be applied to the box and pin end of the connection thoroughly.
在公母扣上涂好絲扣油。
5. The floormen stab the pin end of the joint into the box of the joint in the rotary table.
鉆工們把公接頭對到母接頭上。
6. The floormen rotate the pipe into the box utilizing the air spinner or when applicable, the driller utilizes the top-drive or the Kelly spinner.
鉆工們用氣動旋扣器，把扣上到位。或者是由司鉆用頂驅(qū)和方鉆桿旋扣器把扣上到位。
7. The floormen engage the rig tongs onto the drill pipe or other tubular tool joint. The make-up tong is placed on the top tool joint and the break-out tong is placed on the bottom tool joint. The floormen make the rig tongs bite on the joints by pulling on the tong jaws and pushing on the tong arm. The floormen must properly place their hands on the rig tongs to prevent injury.
鉆工們把大鉗打在鉆桿或其他管具的接頭上。外鉗打在上邊的接頭上，內(nèi)鉗打在下邊的接頭上。鉆工們拉鉗頭，推鉗柄讓大鉗咬住接頭。鉆工們必須把手放到大鉗的適當部位，以防受傷。
8. The driller engages the make-up cathead, pulls on the make-up tong causing the make up tong to bite on the top tool joint. At the same time, the break-out tong bites on the bottom tool joint. The driller continues to pull on the make-up tong until proper torque is applied to the connection.
司鉆啟動上扣錨頭，拉緊大鉗，使外鉗咬住上邊的接頭，內(nèi)鉗咬住下邊的接頭，司鉆繼續(xù)施加扭矩，達到適當?shù)纳峡叟ぞ貫橹埂?/p>
9. After the connection has been tightened to proper torque, the floormen remove the rig tongs and tie them back safely out of the way.
用適當?shù)呐ぞ匕芽凵暇o后，鉆工們把大鉗拉回到安全的位置。
三、鉆桿大鉗配液壓錨頭的操作
Operating rig tongs with EZY-torque
A、Operational requirement 操作要求
1. Some models of EZY-torque are designed for up to 3000psi working pressures in the high pressure port. Note: do not connect the high pressure hose to the low pressure port.
有些液壓錨頭設(shè)計高壓出口的工作壓力是3000psi。注意：不能把高壓管線接到低壓的出口上。
2. Safe load capacity, strengths and application limits of accessories and components of the EZY-torque must be carefully verified.
液壓錨頭的部件、配件的安全載荷、強度和適用范圍，必須認真核實。
3. Ensure the floormen only place hands on protective hand grip areas. The floormen are not allowed to place their hands, fingers and especially thumbs between the tongs.
鉆工們一定要把手放到安全抓手的位置。不能把手、手指，特別是大拇指放到大鉗之間。
4. When breaking out drill pipe, ensure that the tong dies grip the tool joint. Do not grip on the hard banding or on the shoulder areas.
卸鉆桿扣時，一定要把大鉗咬在接頭上，不能咬在接頭的耐磨帶或者是臺肩上。
5. Ensure that tongs, which are not in use, are hung (tied back) at the side of the floor.
大鉗不用時，一定要把它們綁到鉆臺邊上。
6. Suspension lines, pull lines, backup lines and snub lines must be inspected weekly and before every job for specifications (job load ratings), wear limits, damage, or improper installation.
每周和每次使用之前，都必須檢查懸吊繩、錨頭繩、回繩和鉗尾繩的承載范圍，磨損情況，以及安裝是否恰當。
7. Ensure that the work force have been fully instructed on installation, function, operation, maintenance and safety procedures/ precautions.
要確保職工在安裝、試運轉(zhuǎn)、操作、保養(yǎng)、安全程序和注意事項方面都已經(jīng)受到了充分地培訓。
8. Do not stand behind rig tongs while they are in use.
上卸扣時，不能站在大鉗的后邊。
9. Any safety deficiencies or violations must be corrected immediately before proceeding with operations.
任何安全方面的缺陷或違規(guī)現(xiàn)象，必須在開始作業(yè)之前，立即整改。
10. Fit the rig tongs with the correct jaws for the drill pipe tool joint or the drill collar. Re-install the safety lock springs.
給大鉗裝上與鉆桿接頭或鉆鋌相匹配的鉗頭，再裝上安全鎖簧。
11. Ensure that the counter-weights are in balance with the tongs.
確保平衡鉈與大鉗平衡。
12. The tong counter-weights must not rest on derrick sub-floor, derrick substructure sills. The counter-weights should be shielded to prevent crew member from accidental contact with the hanging lines or weights.
不能讓大鉗平衡鉈靠到鉆臺下邊或井架底座上不起作用。為了防止平衡鉈或吊繩傷人，應(yīng)當給平衡鉈裝上防護攔桿。
13. Check all wire ropes on the back-up and make-up lines from the EZY-torque for frayed ends. Ensure the wire rope clips or sockets have been correctly applied as per specifications /regulations.
檢查裝在液壓錨頭與內(nèi)外鉗之間的所有鋼絲繩的繩頭是否有損傷。按照技術(shù)規(guī)范和要求確認繩卡和鎖套的用法是否正確。
14. Check operation of the power unit for the EZY-torque and for compliance with engine/motor safety regulations and codes. Check for function controls, hydraulic leaks and all safety shut down controls.
按照柴油機或電動機的安全規(guī)程和標準，檢查液壓錨頭動力箱的運轉(zhuǎn)情況。檢查控制功能、滴漏和所有的安全停機裝置。
15. When tightening joints, ensure that the backup tongs (on the lower tool joint) are placed perpendicular (at 90 degree angle) to the snub line and to the load cell/ torque meter.
緊扣時，要保證打在下邊接頭上的內(nèi)鉗與鉗尾繩和扭矩儀之間成直角。
16. Install the make-up line(s) and snub line to the rig tongs. The snub line should be at least twice the size of the tong line.
裝上大鉗錨頭繩和鉗尾繩，鉗尾繩的外徑至少是大鉗錨頭繩的兩倍。
17. Remove the locking pin from the rotary table so that it rotates freely.
打開轉(zhuǎn)盤制動鎖，以便轉(zhuǎn)盤自由轉(zhuǎn)動。
18. Clean the dies in the jaws or change them if they are worn or rounded.
清洗鉗牙，如果已磨平了，就把它們換掉。
19. The breakout tong should be snubbed, preferably to an anchor post.
內(nèi)鉗必須裝鉗尾繩，最好裝在尾繩錨(柱)上。
20. Sometimes the tongs are snubbed to the derrick leg. This method should not be used.
有時候會把鉗尾繩裝在井架大腿上，這種方法不可取。
21. The backup tong should be snubbed to the derrick substructure or to an anchor post attached to the substructure.
外鉗尾繩應(yīng)當裝在井架底座上，或者裝在固定在底座上的尾繩錨(柱)上。
B、Making up (tightening) joints 上扣與緊扣
1. Screw the properly cleaned and doped threads of the drill pipe to a snug condition using pipe spinner and/or chain tongs.
用鉆桿旋扣器或旋鏈把刷干凈涂上絲扣油的鉆桿絲扣上到位。
2. Latch the backup tong, with the snub line load cell/torque meter, on to the bottom tool joint. Since a bending force is exerted on the pipe during make up, the tool joint connection must be set in the slips as low as possible.
把裝了扭矩儀的內(nèi)鉗打在下邊的接頭上。由于上扣時鉆桿受力會產(chǎn)生彎曲，，因此，鉆具接頭要盡可能低些坐在卡瓦上。
3. Fit the make up tong which is connected to the EZY-torque on the top tool joint. The floormen pull the tongs around the pipe until the lines are firm.
把連接液壓錨頭的外鉗打在上邊的接頭上。鉆工們圍繞鉆具拉大鉗，直到繃緊。
4. The driller now operates the EZY-torque. The hydraulic cylinder slides out (up) causing the jack line to be pulled by the rig tong. The torque meter will indicate the torque line pull force.
此時司鉆操作液壓錨頭，伸出液壓缸拉緊大鉗，扭矩表顯示液壓錨頭繩的拉力。
5. If the correct torque has not yet been obtained, the hydraulic cylinder must be pushed in (down) and step repeated.
如果達不到適當?shù)呐ぞ?，必須退回液壓缸，重復上一步操作?/p>
6. When finished, the floormen remove the pull lines from the tongs and hang the tongs (tie back) at the side of the rig floor.
上扣結(jié)束，鉆工們卸掉液壓錨頭繩，把大鉗吊回到鉆臺邊上。
C、Breaking joints 卸扣
1. Since a bending force is exerted on the pipe during break out, the tool joint connection must be set in the slips as low as possible.
由于卸扣會使鉆具產(chǎn)生彎曲力，因此，鉆具接頭必須盡可能低些坐在卡瓦上。
2. The driller operates the EZY-torque and pulls until the two cables on the tong are firm.
司鉆操作液壓錨頭，直到把大鉗拉緊為止。
3. The floormen now move back and away from the rig tongs until the connection has been broken.
此時，鉆工們應(yīng)當離開大鉗，直到把扣卸松。
4. Warning: The floormen should always be aware of the tremendous force that can be applied and that the tongs could fly off suddenly, causing serious injury or fatality.
警告：鉆工們要特別注意，加在大鉗上的巨大力量可能會使大鉗突然飛出，造成嚴重傷害的惡果。
5. When the connection is broken, unlatch tongs and unscrew the pipe using chain tongs or pipe spinner.
扣被卸松后，打開大鉗，用鏈鉗或鉆桿旋扣器把扣卸開。
6. Hold or tie-back the tongs so that they do not swing toward the pipe during unscrewing.
卸扣時，要把大鉗拉開或綁住，以防擺動。
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